New material approach should increase solar cell efficiency

Public release date: 23-Apr-2013
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Contact: Lane Martin
lwmartin@illinois.edu
217-244-9162
University of Illinois College of Engineering

"When designing next generation solar energy conversion systems, we must first develop ways to more efficiently utilize the solar spectrum," explained Lane Martin, whose research group at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has done just that.

"This is a fundamentally new way of approaching these matters," said Martin, who is an assistant professor of materials science and engineering (MatSE) at Illinois. "From these materials we can imagine carbon-neutral energy production of clean-burning fuels, waste water purification and remediation, and much more."

Martin's research group brought together aspects of condensed matter physics, semiconductor device engineering, and photochemistry to develop a new form of high-performance solar photocatalyst based on the combination of the TiO2 (titanium dioxide) and other "metallic" oxides that greatly enhance the visible light absorption and promote more efficient utilization of the solar spectrum for energy applications. Their paper, "Strong Visible-Light Absorption and Hot-Carrier Injection in TiO2/SrRuO3 Heterostructures," appears in the journal Advanced Energy Materials.

According to Martin, the primary feature limiting the performance of oxide-based photovoltaic and/or photocatalytic systems has traditionally been the poor absorption of visible light in these often wide band gap materials. One candidate oxide material for such applications is anatase TiO2, which is arguably the most widely-studied photocatalyst due to its chemical stability, non-toxicity, low-cost, and excellent band alignment to several oxidation-reduction reactions. As the backbone of dye-sensitized solar cells, however, the presence of a light-absorbing dye accounts for a large band gap which limits efficient usage of all but the UV portion of sunlight.

"We observed that the unusual electronic structure of SrRuO3 is also responsible for unexpected optical properties including high absorption across the visible spectrum and low reflection compared to traditional metals," stated Sungki Lee, the paper's first author. "By coupling this material to TiO2 we demonstrate enhanced visible light absorption and large photocatalytic activities."

"SrRuO3 is a correlated electron oxide which is known to possess metallic-like temperature dependence of its resistivity and itinerant ferromagnetism and for its widespread utility as a conducting electrode in oxide heterostructures," Lee added.

Referring to this material as a "metal," however, is likely inappropriate as the electronic structure and properties are derived from a combination of complex electronic density of states, electron correlations, and more.

Using a process called photo-excited hot-carrier injection from the SrRuO3 to the TiO2, the researchers created new heterostructures whose novel optical properties and the resulting high photoelectrochemical performance provide an interesting new approach that could advance the field of photocatalysis and further broaden the potential applications of other metallic oxides.

This work provides an exciting new approach to the challenge of designing visible-light photosensitive materials and has resulted in a provisional patent application. The work was primarily supported by the ongoing the International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER) program, a partnership between Kyushu University in Japan and the University of Illinois.

"The I2CNER project brings together some of the leading energy researchers from around the globe," explained I2CNER Director Petros Sofronis, who is also a professor in the Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering at Illinois. "Results from Dr. Martin's research group and others demonstrate that I2CNER is not only an experiment on international collaboration. It is a concerted institutionalized effort to pursue green innovation and reduced CO2 emissions, as well as to advance fundamental science and develop science-based technological solutions for the reorganization of sustainable and environmentally friendly society."

###

Contact: Lane Martin, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 217/244-9162, lwmartin@illinois.edu

Petros Sofronis, director, International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research, 217/333-2636, sofronis@illinois.edu

---

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?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 23-Apr-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Lane Martin
lwmartin@illinois.edu
217-244-9162
University of Illinois College of Engineering

"When designing next generation solar energy conversion systems, we must first develop ways to more efficiently utilize the solar spectrum," explained Lane Martin, whose research group at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has done just that.

"This is a fundamentally new way of approaching these matters," said Martin, who is an assistant professor of materials science and engineering (MatSE) at Illinois. "From these materials we can imagine carbon-neutral energy production of clean-burning fuels, waste water purification and remediation, and much more."

Martin's research group brought together aspects of condensed matter physics, semiconductor device engineering, and photochemistry to develop a new form of high-performance solar photocatalyst based on the combination of the TiO2 (titanium dioxide) and other "metallic" oxides that greatly enhance the visible light absorption and promote more efficient utilization of the solar spectrum for energy applications. Their paper, "Strong Visible-Light Absorption and Hot-Carrier Injection in TiO2/SrRuO3 Heterostructures," appears in the journal Advanced Energy Materials.

According to Martin, the primary feature limiting the performance of oxide-based photovoltaic and/or photocatalytic systems has traditionally been the poor absorption of visible light in these often wide band gap materials. One candidate oxide material for such applications is anatase TiO2, which is arguably the most widely-studied photocatalyst due to its chemical stability, non-toxicity, low-cost, and excellent band alignment to several oxidation-reduction reactions. As the backbone of dye-sensitized solar cells, however, the presence of a light-absorbing dye accounts for a large band gap which limits efficient usage of all but the UV portion of sunlight.

"We observed that the unusual electronic structure of SrRuO3 is also responsible for unexpected optical properties including high absorption across the visible spectrum and low reflection compared to traditional metals," stated Sungki Lee, the paper's first author. "By coupling this material to TiO2 we demonstrate enhanced visible light absorption and large photocatalytic activities."

"SrRuO3 is a correlated electron oxide which is known to possess metallic-like temperature dependence of its resistivity and itinerant ferromagnetism and for its widespread utility as a conducting electrode in oxide heterostructures," Lee added.

Referring to this material as a "metal," however, is likely inappropriate as the electronic structure and properties are derived from a combination of complex electronic density of states, electron correlations, and more.

Using a process called photo-excited hot-carrier injection from the SrRuO3 to the TiO2, the researchers created new heterostructures whose novel optical properties and the resulting high photoelectrochemical performance provide an interesting new approach that could advance the field of photocatalysis and further broaden the potential applications of other metallic oxides.

This work provides an exciting new approach to the challenge of designing visible-light photosensitive materials and has resulted in a provisional patent application. The work was primarily supported by the ongoing the International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER) program, a partnership between Kyushu University in Japan and the University of Illinois.

"The I2CNER project brings together some of the leading energy researchers from around the globe," explained I2CNER Director Petros Sofronis, who is also a professor in the Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering at Illinois. "Results from Dr. Martin's research group and others demonstrate that I2CNER is not only an experiment on international collaboration. It is a concerted institutionalized effort to pursue green innovation and reduced CO2 emissions, as well as to advance fundamental science and develop science-based technological solutions for the reorganization of sustainable and environmentally friendly society."

###

Contact: Lane Martin, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 217/244-9162, lwmartin@illinois.edu

Petros Sofronis, director, International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research, 217/333-2636, sofronis@illinois.edu

---

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?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-04/uoic-nma042313.php

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The Asian monsoon is getting predictable

Public release date: 23-Apr-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Mario Aguilera
scrippsnews@ucsd.edu
858-534-3624
University of California - San Diego

Researchers find strong correlation between summer monsoon and the climate pattern that preceded it

For much of Asia, the pace of life is tuned to rhythms of monsoons.

The summer rainy season is especially important for securing the water and food supplies for more than a billion people. Its variations can mean the difference between drought and flood. Now a Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego-led study reports on a crucial connection that could drastically improve the ability of forecasters to reliably predict the monsoon a few months in advance.

Yu Kosaka and Shang-Ping Xie from Scripps and colleagues from NOAA found that a winter appearance of the climate phenomenon called El Nio in the Pacific Ocean can leave its mark on monsoon formation in the Indian Ocean a full six months later. In between is an atmospheric phenomenon called the Pacific-Japan pattern that provides the teleconnection between the two ocean basins and further poleward to East Asia.

"It has long been a mystery that climate anomalies in the region correlate better with El Nio in the preceding winter than with the one developing in the concurrent summer," said Xie, a climate scientist and inaugural holder of the Scripps Roger Revelle Chair in Environmental Science. "The new paper shows that Indian Ocean temperature and atmospheric anomalies in the western Pacific are physically coupled, and their interactions amplify each other. We demonstrated that this new mode of coupled ocean-atmospheric anomalies is predictable a season ahead. Such predictions have tremendous benefits to society."

The National Science Foundation-funded study, "Origin of seasonal predictability for summer climate over the Northwestern Pacific," appears online on April 22 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Ngar-Cheung Lau and Gabriel Vecchi of NOAA are also co-authors.

El Nio is a climate phenomenon coupling the ocean and atmosphere that includes a shift in the distribution of warm water in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. El Nio years are characterized by unusual weather and storm activity globally.

The summer after a major El Nio features above-average sea-surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean. El Nio exerts its influence via the Pacific-Japan pattern, which can bring to East Asia cool, wet weather in the subsequent summer, while La Nia leads to dry, hot weather.

The violent storm activity associated with El Nio takes place in the eastern Pacific Ocean, but the chain of events the researchers describe ultimately ends up being detected in the western Pacific Ocean. Xie likened it to an echo effect, saying that El Nio serves to pull clouds and convection eastward toward the International Date Line, which means those clouds are not available over the western Pacific to keep ocean surface temperatures cool. It also weakens winds in the northern Indian Ocean and the effects of those weakened winds travel back eastward to the Pacific Ocean.

"The last sound El Nio makes is in the western Pacific Ocean," Kosaka said, "because the positive feedback between the Indian Ocean and Pacific-Japan pattern we found amplifies climate anomalies in this region."

The last echoes of El Nio have devastating consequences to the region.

Extremes in the East Asian summer monsoon have been behind some of the largest natural and economic disasters to hit the region in the last 20 years. The authors note that excessive rains and cool temperature in Japan in 1993 caused a widespread failure of that country's rice crop that opened it to imports from other countries. Dry monsoon phases led to widespread heat waves and drought in several East Asian countries in 2004.

Kosaka cautioned, however, that there is much more work to be done to make prediction of the Asian monsoon reliable. El Nio is just one factor; other regional patterns complicate the sequence that ultimately produces monsoon rains, Kosaka said.

But the paper does establish that El Nio influences the monsoon and describes the means by which it does so, she said.

###

---

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?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 23-Apr-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Mario Aguilera
scrippsnews@ucsd.edu
858-534-3624
University of California - San Diego

Researchers find strong correlation between summer monsoon and the climate pattern that preceded it

For much of Asia, the pace of life is tuned to rhythms of monsoons.

The summer rainy season is especially important for securing the water and food supplies for more than a billion people. Its variations can mean the difference between drought and flood. Now a Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego-led study reports on a crucial connection that could drastically improve the ability of forecasters to reliably predict the monsoon a few months in advance.

Yu Kosaka and Shang-Ping Xie from Scripps and colleagues from NOAA found that a winter appearance of the climate phenomenon called El Nio in the Pacific Ocean can leave its mark on monsoon formation in the Indian Ocean a full six months later. In between is an atmospheric phenomenon called the Pacific-Japan pattern that provides the teleconnection between the two ocean basins and further poleward to East Asia.

"It has long been a mystery that climate anomalies in the region correlate better with El Nio in the preceding winter than with the one developing in the concurrent summer," said Xie, a climate scientist and inaugural holder of the Scripps Roger Revelle Chair in Environmental Science. "The new paper shows that Indian Ocean temperature and atmospheric anomalies in the western Pacific are physically coupled, and their interactions amplify each other. We demonstrated that this new mode of coupled ocean-atmospheric anomalies is predictable a season ahead. Such predictions have tremendous benefits to society."

The National Science Foundation-funded study, "Origin of seasonal predictability for summer climate over the Northwestern Pacific," appears online on April 22 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Ngar-Cheung Lau and Gabriel Vecchi of NOAA are also co-authors.

El Nio is a climate phenomenon coupling the ocean and atmosphere that includes a shift in the distribution of warm water in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. El Nio years are characterized by unusual weather and storm activity globally.

The summer after a major El Nio features above-average sea-surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean. El Nio exerts its influence via the Pacific-Japan pattern, which can bring to East Asia cool, wet weather in the subsequent summer, while La Nia leads to dry, hot weather.

The violent storm activity associated with El Nio takes place in the eastern Pacific Ocean, but the chain of events the researchers describe ultimately ends up being detected in the western Pacific Ocean. Xie likened it to an echo effect, saying that El Nio serves to pull clouds and convection eastward toward the International Date Line, which means those clouds are not available over the western Pacific to keep ocean surface temperatures cool. It also weakens winds in the northern Indian Ocean and the effects of those weakened winds travel back eastward to the Pacific Ocean.

"The last sound El Nio makes is in the western Pacific Ocean," Kosaka said, "because the positive feedback between the Indian Ocean and Pacific-Japan pattern we found amplifies climate anomalies in this region."

The last echoes of El Nio have devastating consequences to the region.

Extremes in the East Asian summer monsoon have been behind some of the largest natural and economic disasters to hit the region in the last 20 years. The authors note that excessive rains and cool temperature in Japan in 1993 caused a widespread failure of that country's rice crop that opened it to imports from other countries. Dry monsoon phases led to widespread heat waves and drought in several East Asian countries in 2004.

Kosaka cautioned, however, that there is much more work to be done to make prediction of the Asian monsoon reliable. El Nio is just one factor; other regional patterns complicate the sequence that ultimately produces monsoon rains, Kosaka said.

But the paper does establish that El Nio influences the monsoon and describes the means by which it does so, she said.

###

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-04/uoc--tam042313.php

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?My mother?s cockatoo has spent ten years trying to kill me? (video) (Americablog)

Share With Friends: | | Politics - Top Stories News, News Feeds and News via Feedzilla.

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Nigeria says heavy fighting in northeast, no word on casualties

ABUJA (Reuters) - Nigerian authorities said on Monday there had been heavy fighting between security forces and Islamist militants in a remote part of the northeast, but there was no confirmation of reports from a local official that 185 people had been killed.

Fighting erupted on Thursday in Baga, a fishing town on the shores of Lake Chad, adjacent to the Chadian border, spokesmen for the Borno state government that administers the area and its military said.

A delegation from the state government visited the town on Sunday in the aftermath of the fighting, and a community representative put the death toll at 185, Borno spokesman Umar Gusau said by telephone.

"We are investigating," he said. "For now, we don't have a very good basis for the figure. These people say they have died and they have buried them. From my experience, most times residents exaggerate figures."

He added that since the town had already buried the victims, it had been impossible for authorities to count the bodies.

Authorities were questioning residents about family members who had died to try to estimate the death toll, he said.

Sagir Musa, a spokesman for the mixed military and police Joint Task Force (JTF) in Borno state, also expressed skepticism about the reported toll.

"There was a clash between the Boko Haram terrorists and the JTF but I can tell you is that the death toll was terribly inflated," he said by telephone.

The military is sometimes accused by locals of understating civilian casualties in fighting.

The violence comes as the government awaits a report from a panel tasked with formulating an offer of amnesty for the insurgents if they give up their struggle for an Islamic state, which has killed many hundreds in northern Nigeria in the past three years.

President Goodluck Jonathan wants the panel to establish links with the group, which has so far shown no interest in peace talks.

Jonathan, a Christian southerner, has been unsuccessful in quelling the violence through military means and, in recent weeks, traditional leaders in the predominantly Muslim north have put pressure on him to offer Boko Haram a deal.

If 185 people did die in the Baga fighting, it would be the greatest loss of life in the conflict since 186 people were killed in coordinated strikes by Boko Haram fighters in January 2012 in the north's main city of Kano.

Gusau said parts of Baga were badly damaged when he visited it on Sunday, with several houses burned. He said Nigerian soldiers sometimes over-react when attacked by Boko Haram gunmen, killing many in retaliation.

Boko Haram, which is loosely modeled on the Taliban movement in Afghanistan, wants an Islamic caliphate in Nigeria, a country of 170 million split evenly between Christians and Muslims.

(Reporting by Tim Cocks and Isaac Abrak; Editing by Michael Roddy)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/nigeria-says-heavy-fighting-northeast-no-word-casualties-152826728.html

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HTC Now Offers 32GB Unlocked HTC One Via Its Web Store

HTC really wants you to buy an HTC One, and it's making sure that you have every opportunity to do so. First, it opened up pre-orders for the HTC One Developer Edition, a carrier-unlocked 64GB version of the phone with an unlocked bootloader for custom ROMs. Now, it's also offering a network-unlocked 32GB version of the handset, which doesn't have the unlocked bootloader, but which is less expensive at $574.99.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/siGlL1TMXf0/

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First West Bank marathon highlights barriers to Palestinian movement

Marathoners observed a moment of silence for the victims in the Boston attacks before running a landscape scarred by the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.?

By Joshua Mitnick,?Correspondent / April 21, 2013

Participants arrive at the finish line during a marathon in the West Bank town of Bethlehem April 21. While half of the participants in Sunday's event, which included a half marathon and a 10-km race on top of the full 42-km distance, were local Palestinians, runners from 11 different countries participated as well.

Ammar Awad/Reuters

Enlarge

Visitors come to Bethlehem from all over because of its reputation as the birthplace of Jesus, but, on an unseasonably rain-swept morning, Manger Square became the scene of a different kind pilgrimage as runners in spandex and checkered Palestinian keffiyeh scarves embarked on the West Bank?s first ever marathon.

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Even as last week?s fatal bombing at the Boston Marathon suddenly robbed the popular events of their innocence in the US, the spirit of the newest marathon seemed little dampened as runners warmed up to drum-driven Middle Eastern folk music. But as the worldwide trend of marathoning spreads to the Holy Land, the Bethlehem Marathon has inevitably been routed through the charged terrain of geopolitical and religious conflict.

Dubbed the "Right to Movement Palestine Marathon," event organizers cast the run as a demonstration against the Israeli security policies that limit Palestinian travel between their cities and towns.

From the start line outside of the Church of the Nativity (the site of a weeks-long standoff in 2002 between Palestinian militants and the Israeli military), the race led runners to the controversial concrete separation wall erected in the wake of the Palestinian uprising of the last decade, and then on past crowded neighborhoods populated by Palestinian refugees. ?

"It sends a message of solidarity with the Palestinian people," says Jibril Rajoub, the head of the Palestinian Olympic Committee and the former head of Palestinian security forces in the West Bank. "It sends a message to the Israelis to recharge their mental batteries and reconsider their policies and start recognizing facts on the ground. It shows the Palestinian people that they are not alone."

That said, the message of the Bethlehem marathon went beyond Israeli-Palestinan conflict to touch on the Palestinians? own internal divisions. Several weeks ago, the United Nations organizers of the Gaza Strip marathon called off what would have been the third annual race there because the Hamas government banned women from participating ? giving the Bethlehem event added significance.

Mixed-gender race

While Palestinian officials preferred to focus criticism on Israel and the military?s refusal to allow Gazan runners to travel to the West Bank for the Bethlehem race, female runners and spectators acknowledged the friction between the Western tradition of mass amateur races and the social sensibilities of conservative Islam.

"There?s no difference between men and women except for the shape of their bodies," says Kharoom Said, a 22-year-old religiously observant runner who insisted that her hijab head covering would not bother her and called Hamas? decision "stupid." "It reflects how conservative and extreme they are. They are trying to suppress women and bring society backward."

Even though they had little praise of Hamas, residents of one refugee camp alongside the race route seemed to concur with the idea that a mixed-gender athletic event and tight-fitted athletic clothes flouted traditional religious mores.????

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/csm/~3/n0RUIPDqVDQ/First-West-Bank-marathon-highlights-barriers-to-Palestinian-movement

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SoftBank best carrier for high-speed smartphones

By Ken Y-N ( April 23, 2013 at 00:14) ? Filed under Mobile, Polls

Mobile Marketing Data Labo recently performed a survey into true feelings about one?s mobile carrier?s network, and found SoftBank?s reputation for being a poor network is ill-deserved.

Demographics

Between the 1st and 4th of April 2013 1,200 smartphone-owning members of the MMD monitor panel completed a private internet-based questionniare. Each of the three major carriers, docomo, au and SoftBank, were represented by 400 people. No further demographics information was given.

Note that one reason for the high degree of satisfaction amongst SoftBank users is that the iPhone is their main smartphone, and we all know that Apple users always rank themselves the most satisfied when it comes to these sorts of stories. I wonder how much this Apple love rubs off on the user?s impression of the ease snd speed of connection questions?

Research results

Q1: How easy do you feel it is for your smartphone to connect to high-speed data transmission (4G, LTE, etc)? (Sample size=high-speed smartphone owners)

?	docomo	au	SoftBank
Easy	39.9%	41.5%	44.7%
Somewhat easy	23.4%	20.3%	18.4%
Can?t say	27.5%	26.0%	28.3%
Somewhat difficult	5.5%	7.3%	4.6%
Difficult	3.7%	4.9%	3.9%

Q2: How fast do you feel your smartphone high-speed data transmission (4G, LTE, etc) is? (Sample size=high-speed smartphone owners)

?	docomo	au	SoftBank
Fast	35.8%	43.1%	44.1%
Somewhat fast	22.5%	23.6%	19.7%
Can?t say	23.4%	18.7%	23.7%
Somewhat slow	10.1%	8.1%	9.9%
Slow	8.3%	6.5%	2.6%

Q3: Compared to six months ago, how much easier do you feel it is for your smartphone to connect to high-speed data transmission (4G, LTE, etc)? (Sample size=high-speed smartphone owners)

?	docomo	au	SoftBank
Easier	28.9%	38.2%	44.1%
Somewhat easier	20.6%	20.3%	14.5%
Can?t say	40.8%	34.1%	32.9%
Not really easier	6.0%	4.1%	5.3%
Not easier	3.7%	3.3%	3.3%

Q4: Compared to six months ago, how much faster do you feel your smartphone high-speed data transmission (4G, LTE, etc) is? (Sample size=high-speed smartphone owners)

?	docomo	au	SoftBank
Faster	30.7%	40.7%	45.4%
Somewhat faster	18.8%	22.8%	15.8%
Can?t say	35.3%	29.3%	30.9%
Not really faster	7.8%	4.1%	6.6%
Not faster	7.3%	3.3%	1.3%

Q5: How satisfied are you with your smartphone? (Sample size=400+400+400)

?	Average	docomo	au	SoftBank
Satisfied	16.4%	8.0%	17.8%	23.5%
Somewhat satisfied	46.0%	44.5%	45.8%	47.8%
Can?t say	26.8%	31.8%	24.0%	24.8%
Somewhat dissatsified	8.6%	12.8%	10.0%	3.0%
Dissatisfied	2.2%	3.0%	2.5%	1.0%

Q6: How satisfied are you with your carrier? (Sample size=400+400+400)

?	docomo	au	SoftBank
Satisfied	6.3%	8.3%	9.0%
Somewhat satisfied	39.0%	41.0%	39.5%
Can?t say	40.3%	39.5%	39.3%
Somewhat dissatisfied	10.3%	9.3%	9.8%
Dissatisfied	4.3%	2.0%	2.5%

Read more on: carrier,mmd laboratory,smartphone

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Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/WhatJapanThinks/~3/Gi2e-keACvI/

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